Types of dental implants and possible complications

Dental implantation is a reliable modern method of surgical intervention, with the help of which a full-fledged artificial tooth is implanted into the gum. The procedure is carried out in the case of mobile natural crowns, the presence of cysts, bone defects, open bite (gap between the upper and lower rows), serious damage and loss of one or more teeth.

The implant consists of a pin that is screwed into the gum, which replaces the root of the tooth, and a strong rod for fixing the crown - an abutment.

Types of implants

The most common intraosseous and subperiosteal implants. In addition to them, there are types:

1. edontically stabilized;
2. intramucosal;
3. plate.

Intraosseous

These implants have another name - endosseous. They are divided into root and combined (combination of root and plate type). During installation, root implants are screwed into the bone. In appearance, they are similar to a natural tooth root and are used with a normal amount of bone tissue.

For convenience, the designs of root implants are collapsible, divided into screw and cylindrical with spraying. The second option is appropriate when the tooth has been removed recently (no more than 2-3 weeks), the bone is dense and there is no tissue inflammation.

In individual cases, root posts are combined with lamellar ones. With significant defects in the dentition, combined implants are large and complex in shape.

Subperiosteal

Such an equally popular option (also called subperiosteal) is chosen with a lack of bone tissue and is installed under the gum between the bone and the periosteum. The implant is a thin, delicate, but strong and extensive structure, located on a specially made bone.

Lamellar

An implant of a thin configuration in the form of a zigzag plate is selected in the following cases:

• very narrow jaw;
• end defect (absence of distant teeth);
• anterior teeth prosthetics.

The pin is placed deep into the bone with penetration through the gum.

Endodontically stabilized

A weakly strengthened tooth can be successfully fixed with this implant. The procedure is gentle for the body, without damaging the soft tissues of the gums. It is carried out through the tooth and the upper part of the root. Therefore, healing is quite fast.

intramucosal

The pins are designed to fix removable dentures, they are implanted into the gums through the roots of the teeth and are root mini-implants with fixing buttons on the gums.

Basal

They are installed in the deepest and densest layer of the bone (basal). They are mainly used in the case of several lost teeth or thinned bones. The implant has various forms:

• root-shaped;
• biocortical (with a wide thread, not traumatic tissue);
• compression (compressing bone tissue for the installation of several prostheses);
• T-shaped (implanted through a lateral incision in the bone, repeating the shape of the implant. Currently, it is almost never used due to the trauma of the introduction).

For each individual situation, you can choose an implant with the necessary thread, length, configuration, and other features.

Modern designs of implants are made of titanium, which is characterized by high biocompatibility with human bone tissue. The fewer additives included in a titanium post, the stronger it is. For aesthetic reasons, titanium is sometimes replaced with zirconium dioxide. However, the service life of such implants is much lower.

To find the golden mean, a titanium-zirconium alloy is used, which meets the high strength characteristics and aesthetic requirements of the client.

Methods of implantation

Methods of implantation of implants are divided into:

1. one-time;
2. patchwork;
3. minimally invasive;
4. lateral.

One-time

Often used in case of extensive damage or loss of teeth. In this case, the jawbone must have sufficient volume, be strong, dense and non-inflamed.

Patchwork

To access the bone on the gum, a flap is cut using three incisions. This is a kind of “door”, opening which you can make a hole for the pin and install the implant.

Minimally invasive

It is performed by puncturing the gums, through which the rod is screwed. The technique does not damage tissues, the process of implanting the implant into the bone is fast.

Lateral

The implant is placed on the side. It is almost never used due to extensive invasion of bone and gum tissue, which can cause rejection of a foreign body (implant).

Contraindications

The implantation of artificial teeth cannot be carried out in certain cases, which are classified into local, general, relative, absolute. The category of irreversible includes contraindications of an absolute nature:

• blood diseases, including a violation of its coagulability (hemophilia);
• oncological formations, including during treatment and after chemotherapy;
• disorders in the work of the central nervous system (inadequate perception of reality, behavioral disorder, schizophrenic tendencies, epilepsy);
• pathology of the immune system;
• rheumatic diseases;
• various types of tuberculosis and its complications;
• chronic stomatitis;
• endocrinological problems;
• bruxism (teeth grinding during sleep).

Relative contraindications, if desired, can be eliminated, these include:

• caries;
• neglected teeth due to poor oral hygiene;
• inflammation of the gums;
• diseases of the periodontal tissue;
• malocclusion;
• arthritis of the jaw joint;
• defect or thinning of bone tissue;
• bad habits (smoking, alcohol abuse, drug addiction);
• pregnancy;
• age under 22;
• the presence of implants and other structures in the oral cavity.

Common limitations of dental implants include:

• allergy;
• heart disease;
• the use of certain drugs that adversely affect the implantation of the implant (antidepressants, anticoagulants, and others);
• prolonged stressful state;
• depletion of the body.

Local contraindications are:

• deviations in the structure or volume of bone tissue;
• non-standard sizes of the oral cavity.

Due to the fact that general and local situations in which artificial teeth are not installed are very conditional, they can also be considered as relative. When installing basal implants, there are practically no contraindications.

Preparation

The preparatory stage in the list of its activities provides for treatment of temporary (relative) contraindications. Therefore, implantation of teeth can be allowed for many patients.

To form an action plan, an examination of the oral cavity and a picture in the X-ray room are performed to assess the density of bone tissue and its volume. The diagnosis is clarified using special equipment, tests are prescribed. If there is a need, then the sanitation of the oral cavity is performed with the treatment of teeth, gums and other mandatory procedures.

The method of implantation is chosen together with the patient. It considers:

• the presence or absence of intolerance to the administered drugs;
• crown material;
• necessary related procedures;
• terms and methods of tissue restoration after implantation of the implant;
• full cost of services.

If tooth extraction is required, then this operation is best entrusted to the dentist who will install the implant. This will make it easier to take into account all possible nuances. Before prescribing an MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), the specialist will make sure that there are no metal structures in the patient's oral cavity.

Implantation should be treated very carefully, inquiring about the professional reputation of the doctor, so that you do not have to experience complications and redo the operation, which is not at all cheap.

Description of the procedure

Currently, implantation can be performed in one session with tooth extraction. At the same time, thanks to the modern technique, a new tooth is installed within an hour. The procedure is as follows:

1. an injection is made into the gum for pain relief;
2. incise the gum in the required place;
3. drill a hole in the bone;
4. install a titanium pin;
5. put stitches on the gum;
6. a supragingival part is installed on the rod - an abutment;
7. A crown is put on the abutment, which is selected according to the color and shade of natural teeth.

It then takes an average of 3 visits over 10 days to observe the healing process of the implant. Hygiene products will be recommended, taking into account the operation performed, hot, cold and too hard foods are prohibited for a certain time.

If, according to the doctor's opinion, one-stage implantation is contraindicated, then the patient is offered a two-stage procedure. At the first stage, a pin and a temporary plug are installed. Only after the nail has grown together with the bone, the gum is re-cut, the abutment is inserted and the crown is fixed on it.

Prices

The cost of installing one implant on a turnkey basis (with putting on a crown) is formed taking into account the following factors:

• region;
• the reputation of the clinic;
• dentist qualification;
• features of the state and structure of the patient's jaw;
• choice of material;
• implant design;
• firm;
• equipment;
• use of the technique.

The Swiss-American manufacturer Nobel Biocare, an innovator in implant design, produces premium products made from the purest titanium, which speeds up the process of fusion of a foreign post with bone. The cost of the procedure is 40-70 thousand rubles. Prices for restoration of teeth using implants from companies from Germany, France, Sweden, USA, Switzerland range from 18 to 50 thousand rubles.

Advantages

The advantages of the procedure are:

• the possibility of installing an implant immediately after the removal of a defective tooth;
• no need to grind adjacent teeth and remove nerves;
• strength of the pin design;
• full restoration of the functions of the extracted tooth;
• excellent aesthetic appearance;
• comfortable feeling of the implant in the mouth, which eliminates the development of inflammation;
• average service life 25 years.

Possible Complications

With insufficient qualifications of the dentist or the patient's careless attitude to the recommendations after the installation of new teeth, some complications may occur:

• painful sensations;
• puffiness;
• bleeding;
• elevated temperature.

Painful sensations

After the completion of the effect of anesthesia, pain may disturb 3-4 days. Continuation of pain beyond this period indicates the beginning of the inflammatory process.

puffiness

If the swelling does not subside within a week, then this symptom signals the development of inflammation and rejection of the implant.

Bleeding

Normally, bleeding is observed for no more than 2-3 days, with continued bleeding, purulent formations and hematoma may occur.

Elevated temperature

Lasts 4 days, with a longer period, this symptom indicates inflammation and rejection of the implant.

How to care

Hygiene after dental implantation includes the following rules:

• keep the oral cavity clean;
• follow all doctor's recommendations;
• do not create a mechanical load on the implanted implant;
• carefully care for the gums at the place of the seams;
• it is more expedient to refuse ultrasonic brushes;
• do not bring infection into the mouth with dirty hands.

The demand for dental implants is growing every year. This is mainly due to the aesthetic reason. In order for implanted teeth to remain beautiful and not create problems, you need to carefully care for them and, if necessary, seek help from a dentist in a timely manner.